From the preceding exposition it might be deduced that the Chinese of Shantung, Chihli and Manchuria are an amalgamation, which consists of the various types more or less influencing the fundamental Chinese type A. Now I shall try the whole process of the formation of this Chinese population considering the above exposed ethnical relations.
The original place of the Chinese up to the present time is not yet known. Different theories unsuccessfully tried to resolve this problem by supposing the non-asiatic origin of the Chinese or by supposing an organic development and differentiation of various «tribes,» «races» and «clans» in the present territory of China. Of course, because of the lack of archaeological and anthropological evidence all these theories are more or less admissible «working hypotheses.» However we must consider as a fact the Chinese radiation eastward, northward and southward, that was marked by historical data. Hence it might be concluded that the Chinese original place, «the Chinese motherland,» must lie somewhere west of the present Central China. Then, taking into consideration the former relations of the Chinese with the populations of Western Asia, and also that the population of Turkestan at that time was speaking Indo-Iranian dialects, it may be supposed that the Chinese were in very close contact with other centres of civilization of that time and that these relations were broken off only by the invasion of Turkestan and generally territories lying on the west of the China by Turko-Mongolic ethnical groups. Besides the direct relations between the Chinese and western centres, indirect ones were possible through the Altai metallurgic centre, whence two great ways led to western Asia and China.
Also it may be agreed that the Chinese appeared as an active ethnical unit in Asia at the time of Stone Age and they were more advanced from a cultural standpoint, because, according to the historical data, they were living since the earliest time by hunting, fishing, and agriculture. The development of this culture was followed by the natural increase of population and drove the Chinese in the search of new territories outside their former area lying somewhere on the west of the present Central China. In this movement, I have supposed, they were opposed by the Mongol and Turkic ethnical groups. Then they went eastward assimilating and amalgamating the local populations. These were the Tungus. who partly accepted the conquerors and remained in the territory, partly pushed back the palaeoasiatic tribes and passed throughout Manchuria to reach the semi-empty northern regions of Siberia.
Thus the Chinese successfully amalgamated the type Γ and reached the Shantung Peninsula and Pechihli Gulf, where they met a new anthropological type, — type B. This insignificant population could not resist the vigorous invasion and was compelled to leave the territory or to submit themselves to the invaders. They were very soon assimilated and amalgamated by the Chinese. Some groups of these palaeoasiatics went into Korea and, may be, partly into Manchuria. Some traces of this process of amalgamation can be seen on the present Chinese population of this region.
Thus at that time the Chinese included two new anthropological types, i. e. the types Γ and B. At the same time they appropriated some cultural elements characteristic of the amalgamated populations of this region. Then they began to develop their new acquisitions, as new territory, new population and new knowledge, and formed China, as she has been known since ancient historic time. The development of this new formation compelled the Chinese to move more eastward, into Manchuria. There the Tungus, Palaeoasiatics and, as I supposed, Mongols opposed the Chinese migration. In a comparatively late period the Chinese spread their colonization southward along the tributaries of the great Chinese rivers and reached there the independent ethnical groups of unknown origin. It might be that some of the native groups of China were pushed by Chinese migration southward and, if further investigations discover the influence of the type Γ, this will support my above suppositions.
The successive amalgamation of these populations formed the Southern Chinese, who created a peculiar ethnographical complex beyond the growing influence of the northern ethnical groups. It might be also supposed that this Chinese migration met some the more intense population and the Chinese in the processes of amalgamation with the aboriginals lost some anthropological characteristics.
Afterwards the Chinese of Northern China and Manchuria were influenced by the type A when the Mongol invasion into China could not be stopped by the Chinese. Also, by a direct contact the type B influenced the Chinese population of Manchuria, where the Koreans and Chinese are mixed within the Mukden region, near the present political boundary of Korea.
Thus the Chinese of China Proper are composed of different types among which the type A is more numerous and may be supposed to be the original Chinese type migrated from West.